Eurasian steppeEuropeAsia

Khazar Khaganate

c. 650 CE – c. 969 CE · about 319 years approximate dates

The Khazars ruled a Turkic khaganate between the Black Sea, Caspian and Volga, controlling trade routes and fighting the Umayyads in the Caucasus. Their ruling elite adopted Judaism around the 8th or 9th century. The state was destroyed by Kievan Rus' around 969.

Key facts

Dates	c. 650 CE – c. 969 CE
Region	Eurasian steppe
Continent	Europe, Asia
Capitals	Balanjar, Samandar, Atil
Religion(s)	Tengrism, Judaism, Christianity, Islam
Peak extent	≈ 1 million km² (c. 900 CE) – source

Before & after

Preceded by

First Turkic Khaganate Old Great Bulgaria Western Turkic Khaganate

Followed by

Kievan Rus' Volga Bulgaria Pecheneg confederation

In the Islamic timeline

Judaism (Religion of Bani Isra'il) — The Khazar ruling elite converted to Judaism; the scale of conversion is debated.
Umayyad Caliphate — Fought the Arab–Khazar wars in the Caucasus.

Sources

Dates follow widely used reference works; many ancient dates are approximate or debated. Neutral summary for general reference.