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Umar ibn al-Khattab (al-Faruq) (RA)

عمر بن الخطاب

c. 584 CE - 23 AH / 644 CE; caliph 13-23 AH

A formidable Qurayshi whose conversion in Makkah strengthened Islam, later the second Rightly Guided Caliph. Under him the Muslim state expanded into Iraq, Syria, Egypt and Persia and acquired its core administration.

Biography

Umar of Banu Adi accepted Islam around the sixth year of prophethood; Ibn Mas'ud said 'we have been strong since Umar accepted Islam' (Sahih Bukhari). Several Quranic rulings are reported to have agreed with his views (Sahih Bukhari, 'I agreed with my Lord in three'). The Prophet ﷺ said that if there were to be a prophet after him it would be Umar (Jami' al-Tirmidhi, graded hasan) and that Shaytan avoids the path Umar takes (Sahih Bukhari).

As caliph (13-23 AH) he oversaw victories at Yarmuk and Qadisiyyah, the conquest of Jerusalem, Egypt and much of Persia; established the diwan (registry), the Hijri calendar, garrison cities such as Kufa and Basra, and judicial appointments. He was stabbed during Fajr by Abu Lu'lu'ah (Fayruz), a Persian slave, in 23 AH, and appointed a six-member shura to choose his successor (Sahih Bukhari). He is buried beside the Prophet ﷺ and Abu Bakr.

His daughter Hafsah was a wife of the Prophet ﷺ; his son Abdullah ibn Umar became a leading scholar; according to Sunni sources he married Umm Kulthum bint Ali.

Sources & explanation

۞ Qur'an

No specific verses cited for this node.

📜 Hadith verified on sunnah.com

  • Sahih al-Bukhari 5122 Sahih

    When Hafsah was widowed, 'Umar offered her to 'Uthman and Abu Bakr; the Prophet ﷺ then married her.

  • Sahih al-Bukhari 2881 Sahih

    'Umar distributed garments; he was told to give one to the Prophet's granddaughter with him — Umm Kulthum bint Ali.

  • Sahih al-Bukhari 3671 Sahih

    Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah asked his father Ali who was best after the Prophet ﷺ; Ali said Abu Bakr, then 'Umar, and called himself just one of the Muslims.

  • Sahih al-Bukhari 3667, 3668 Sahih

    At the Prophet's death Abu Bakr said 'Whoever worshipped Muhammad, Muhammad has died...' and recited 3:144; then the Saqifah gathering with Sa'd ibn 'Ubadah and the Ansar.

  • Sahih al-Bukhari 3675 Sahih

    Uhud shook while the Prophet ﷺ, Abu Bakr, 'Umar and 'Uthman were on it: 'Be firm — on you are a prophet, a siddiq and two martyrs.'

  • Sahih al-Bukhari 3674 Sahih

    Abu Musa at the well: glad tidings of Paradise given to Abu Bakr, 'Umar and 'Uthman (the latter with a calamity).

  • Jami` at-Tirmidhi 3747 Sahih (Darussalam)

    The Ten promised Paradise (al-'Ashara al-Mubashsharah) named in one hadith narrated by 'Abd al-Rahman ibn 'Awf.

  • Sunan Abi Dawud 4649 Sahih (Al-Albani)

    Sa'id ibn Zayd testified that the Prophet ﷺ named ten people in Paradise.

  • Sahih al-Bukhari 3684 Sahih

    'By Him in whose hand is my soul, Satan never meets you on a path except he takes a different path.'

  • Sahih al-Bukhari 3690 Sahih

    'Among the nations before you were people who were inspired (muhaddathun); if there is any in my Ummah, it is 'Umar.'

  • Sahih al-Bukhari 3701 Sahih

    The assassination of 'Umar, his concern for the Ummah, and his appointment of a six-member shura council.

  • Sahih al-Bukhari 3862 Sahih

    Sa'id ibn Zayd: 'Umar had once tied me up because of my Islam (before he himself embraced Islam).'

💬 Explanation Unverified

Engineer Muhammad Ali Mirza's perspective

Methodological note (not a direct quote): Engineer Muhammad Ali Mirza's widely known approach is to build narratives primarily on the Quran and Sahih Hadith, to set aside Israiliyat (Judeo-Christian lore absorbed into later tafsir) and weak or fabricated narrations, and to avoid sectarian framing. Applied to this node: Umar's virtues are drawn from Sahih Bukhari; historical accounts of his administration are presented as history.

Empires in their lifetime

Further references

  • Sahih Bukhari (Ibn Mas'ud on Umar's Islam)
  • Sahih Bukhari (Umar's agreement with revelation)
  • Sahih Bukhari (Umar's death and the shura)
  • Jami' al-Tirmidhi ('if there were a prophet after me')
  • Jami' al-Tirmidhi (hadith of the ten promised Paradise, Abd al-Rahman ibn Awf)
  • Sunan Abi Dawud (hadith of the ten, Sa'id ibn Zayd)

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