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Prophet / MessengerPhase 2 · Seerah & Ahl al-BaytMain personality

Prophet Muhammad ﷺ

محمد ﷺ

Born c. 570 CE (Year of the Elephant) in Makkah; prophethood 610 CE; Hijra 622 CE; died 11 AH / 632 CE in Madinah

The final Messenger and Seal of the Prophets, descendant of Ismail and Ibrahim, through whom the Quran was revealed. In 23 years he transformed Arabia from idolatry to Tawheed and left a community guided by the Quran and his Sunnah.

Biography

Muhammad ibn Abdullah ibn Abd al-Muttalib of Banu Hashim, Quraysh, was born in Makkah around 570 CE, the Year of the Elephant (Surah 105). His father died before his birth and his mother Aminah when he was about six; he was raised by his grandfather Abd al-Muttalib and then his uncle Abu Talib (93:6). Known as al-Amin (the trustworthy), he married Khadijah at about 25. At 40, in the cave of Hira, the angel Jibril brought the first revelation, 'Read in the name of your Lord' (96:1-5; Sahih Bukhari 3).

He called to Tawheed in Makkah for about 13 years, facing mockery, boycott (in the valley of Abu Talib) and persecution of his followers, some of whom emigrated to Abyssinia. In the 'Year of Grief' he lost Khadijah and Abu Talib. He was taken on the Isra' and Mi'raj (17:1; 53:13-18). In 622 CE he emigrated to Madinah with Abu Bakr (9:40), established the mosque, brotherhood between Muhajirun and Ansar, and the Charter of Madinah. Key events: Badr (2 AH), Uhud (3 AH), the Trench (5 AH), Hudaybiyyah (6 AH), Khaybar (7 AH), the conquest of Makkah (8 AH), Tabuk (9 AH) and the Farewell Pilgrimage (10 AH), where 5:3 was revealed. He died in Aisha's apartment in Rabi' al-Awwal 11 AH (632 CE) and is buried there.

The Quran calls him a mercy to the worlds (21:107), of tremendous character (68:4), the best example (33:21), foretold in earlier scriptures (7:157; 61:6), and the Seal of the Prophets (33:40). His family (Ahl al-Bayt) and Companions (Sahabah) form the branches of Phases 2-4.

Sources & explanation

۞ Qur'an

33:40 48:29 3:144 21:107 68:4 33:21 7:157 7:158 61:6 96:1 96:2 96:3 96:4 96:5 17:1 53:13 53:14 9:40 8:30 110:1 110:2 110:3 5:3 33:56 34:28 2:129 62:2 93:6 94:1

Links open quran.com.

📜 Hadith verified on sunnah.com

  • Sahih al-Bukhari 3 Sahih

    The beginning of revelation in the cave of Hira ('Iqra'), the Prophet ﷺ returning to Khadijah, and Waraqah ibn Nawfal recognising the Namus that came to Musa.

  • Sahih al-Bukhari 3535 Sahih

    'My example and that of the prophets before me is that of a man who built a house beautifully except for one brick — I am that brick, the seal of the prophets.'

  • Sahih al-Bukhari 3532 Sahih

    'I have five names: I am Muhammad and Ahmad, al-Mahi (through whom disbelief is erased), al-Hashir and al-'Aqib.'

  • Sahih al-Bukhari 3902 Sahih

    The Prophet ﷺ received revelation at forty, stayed thirteen years in Makkah, then emigrated and lived ten years in Madinah.

💬 Explanation Unverified

Engineer Muhammad Ali Mirza's perspective

Methodological note (not a direct quote): Engineer Muhammad Ali Mirza's widely known approach is to build narratives primarily on the Quran and Sahih Hadith, to set aside Israiliyat (Judeo-Christian lore absorbed into later tafsir) and weak or fabricated narrations, and to avoid sectarian framing. Applied to this node: The Seerah is to be built on the Quran and Sahih Hadith first, with sirah literature (Ibn Ishaq etc.) used cautiously where it does not conflict with authentic reports; love for the Prophet ﷺ is shown through following his authentic Sunnah.

Empires in their lifetime

  • Kingdom of Aksum c. 100 CE – c. 960 CE
    The Prophet ﷺ sent his Companions to the just Christian king of Abyssinia (the Najashi) in the first Hijra.
  • Sasanian Persian Empire 224 CE – 651 CE
    The Prophet ﷺ sent a letter inviting Khosrow II to Islam (Sahih al-Bukhari 64).
  • Byzantine Empire (Eastern Roman Empire) 395 CE – 1453 CE
    The Prophet ﷺ sent a letter to Emperor Heraclius (Sahih al-Bukhari 7).

Further references

  • Quran 33:40
  • Quran 21:107
  • Quran 68:4
  • Quran 96:1-5
  • Quran 17:1
  • Quran 9:40
  • Quran 5:3
  • Sahih Bukhari 3

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